Cause, symptoms and treatments of Ashtma Essays

Cause, indications and medicines of Ashtma Essays Cause, indications and medicines of Ashtma Essay Cause, indications and medicines of Ashtma Essay Asthma is an ailment that has an expected 300,000,000 individuals worldwide of all genders and ages experience the ill effects of. It oftentimes starts in youth goon, however it is conceivable that matured individuals in their 1970ss or 1880ss may create it. Asthma primarily influences the air sections ; these become aggravated doing it harder to breath. More mucous discharge is created than typical in individuals that have asthma ; this adds to the air entries going blocked which other than makes it harder to breath. Air that is being taken in stops the air being inhaled out from get awaying and the air being inhaled out stops the air being taken in going down to the lungs, this makes the individual holding the assault endeavor to breath harder and quicker to look for and procure air into the lungs and for O to defuse into the blood waterway. ( Figure 1 ) Figure Diagnosing asthma is extremely hard, the same number of the manifestations identify with other respiratory infections. The main indications are hacking, wheezing, brevity of breath and chest severity, and in kids another ordinarily perceived side effect is the front nariss fire uping when take a relaxing. These are completely brought about by the narrowing of the air entries as they become excited and mucous discharge is delivered. Preliminaries are much of the time performed to ensure the diagnosing of asthma is correct, spirometry and extremum stream preliminaries are the most widely recognized and in the matured ECG s are utilized in patients that are kicking of chest strivings. Spirometry preliminaries figures the entirety of air and how rapidly the air is being smothered and a Peak Flow preliminary estimates how thin the air sections are by bring forthing a maximal and insignificant rate at which the air is inhaled out. Another preliminary that can other than be directed is a re versibility preliminary, during this preliminary a bronchodilator medicate is devoured by being taken in, this medication opens the air sections and if the perusing has an expansion of 15 for every centum or more the narrowing of the air entries is said to hold been turned around, which consequently affirms asthma. There are numerous triggers that can make an asthma invasion, a portion of these are ; a‚?allergies, cold air, casket nail seethe, working out, respiratory contaminations, supplement, acetylsalicylic corrosive based medications and residue. At the point when the trigger and aviation routes come into contact with one another the musculuss inside agreement to end the molecules go oning down to the lungs which so confines ordinary outside breath. There is no solution for asthma, however it very well may be constrained by medication. The medication most typically utilized by asthmatics is B-2 ( Beta 2 ) substitutes, which are all things considered taken through inhalators, and are accessible in both short and long haul signifiers. Asthma can other than be constrained by natural changes and being firmly checked. As two of the central reasons for asthma are dust and hypersensitive responses modifying the sheets and eiderdown screens, and cleaning the house week by week will chop down the aggregate of residue noticeable all around. Cease from holding pets that have crest or pelt, supplanting mat floors with wooden 1s, and upholstered furniture with calfskin. Intently administering asthma using the extremum stream meter, the lung guide will get down to exacerbate a few yearss before an asthma surge happens so if the perusing on the extremum stream meter is 20 for every centum not exactly the typical perusing an asthma attack is no n far away. Asthma is an extremely basic infection of the air entries, which become enflamed doing it hard for air to obtain into the lungs and for O to spread into the circulation system. This is brought about by a wide range of triggers, for example, dust, supplement, unfavorably susceptible responses and acetylsalicylic acids based medications. The sickness is hard to name the same number of the indications are identified with other respiratory employments, the main side effects are wheezing, hacking, chest severity and brevity of breath. In spite of the fact that asthma is hard to name there are a progression of preliminaries that can be directed to ensure that is it asthma. There are a wide range of mediations for asthma yet there is no particular cure. The intercessions are medication, as a rule breathed in through and respirator, modification of condition and directing the asthma by taking normal perusing using an extremum stream meter. Varicose Veins What are varicose venas? What are the causes and side effects, and how is it analyzed and rewarded? Varicose venas are shallow venas which are swollen and stout which look somewhat blue or violet through the covering, which is the impact of blood collection in that nation. They are more typical in grown-up females than in work powers. These venas are appended to more profound venas inside the leg by perforator venas through which blood from the external beds of the legs courses through. Blood from the chest courses round the natural structure through the arterias and one time the nourishments and O has arrived at the legs the musculuss help the blood stream as it needs to travel upwards against attractive energy back to the chest through the venas. In the venas are valves which forestall the blood fluxing down the venas, these valves open and close to each clasp the musculuss in the thigh and calf which pack the venas which are somewhere inside the leg. ( Figure 2 ) Figure 2 Side effects of varicose venas are non ever the equivalent for each individual, however the most well-known signs of varicose venas are ; balls and blue or purple shading material under the covering, anxious legs, harming and awkwardness in the legs, and growing of the mortise joints. The size of the varicose venas does non sway which indications a single gets and how much awkwardness they cause. Despite the fact that these manifestations are regular for varicose venas they can other than be brought about by another activity. To name varicose venas a visit to the GP is exhorted, an examination will be performed and they will ask what side effects the individual has. In horrible occurrences patients will be alluded to a vascular sawbones, these are doctors who spend significant time in blood vass. Varicose venas can simple been seen on the leg, yet working out where they are situated and how much damage there is to the valves in the venas the doctors may carry on a progression of preliminaries which are ; a Doppler preliminary, this is a radical sound that utilizations sound moving edges to gain a picture if the inside of the leg, which show the doctor if the valves inside the venas are working fairly and in what direction the blood is fluxing ; a Color Duplex ultrasound which looks for an abnormalcies inside the development of the vena ; and the Trendelenburg preliminary which includes the patient resting, raising one leg, where the doctor will pack the blood stream into the leg using their guardianships, or a pressure wrap ( an instrument that packs the leg ) , so the patient will remain back up the doctor will identify the venas recharging will blood which gives an indicant of where the flawed valves exist in the vena. There are two boss reasons for varicose venas, one is that there are non satisfactory valves in the vena and the other is that the dividers are powerless. There are different causes yet these are oftentimes combined with one of the above ; incubation can do varicose venas as the fetal blood flow can do the corruptible power per unit zone in the female parent to lift, as can hormonal adjustments. As individual gets more seasoned the valves in the venas debilitate doing reverse inside the venas which may take to coagulating and varicose venas. Plumpness causes more power per unit zone on the legs as they need to back up and transport more weight which expands the risk of varicose venas ; representing unnecessarily long, this is found in individuals who have occupations, for example, traffic constabulary work powers, educators and plant laborers and different illnesses, any hurt to the venas, blood souring and tumors can do varicose venas. Some varicose venas will non do awkwardness consequently intercession is non fundamental, however in the event that a man makes up ones psyche to hold mediations there are numerous alternatives. A non careful mediation is pressure stockings, these will reduce the puffiness of the venas yet will non thwart more from occurring. They do this by helping the blood to transition up towards the chest. Medical procedure is another choice. There are numerous sorts of medical procedure that will take the venas however while numerous individuals will non require any more mediation thereafter varicose venas will reoccur in three out of 10 individuals. The central medical procedure is called ligation and denudation, this performed is done inside a twenty-four hours, which is done under general sedation. The shallow venas which have become varicose venas are only expelled from the legs however there are various medical procedures relying upon which venas are influenced. Varicose venas are swollen thick venas which have a total of blood inside because of the valves non working adequately which causes a reverse of blood. Manifestations are as often as possible restless legs, growing of the mortise joints and harming legs. The two boss causes are falling flat of the venas dividers and non satisfactory valves, cooperated with these, incubation, beefiness, representing too much long and age can other than do varicose venas. These can be treated with medical procedure, which expels the venas from the legs yet does non bring around them completely, in certain occurrences varicose venas will return. There other than none careful intercessions, for example, compaction stockings which help constrain the blood stream back towards the chest.

Conformity Paper Essay

Congruity influences one’s conduct. There are two essential reasons why people acclimate. In the first place, individuals adjust because of instructive social impact. This means individuals depend on others’ judgment about a questionable circumstance and utilize such judgment in picking a specific game-plan. The subsequent explanation is regularizing social impact. This alludes to adjusting just to be acknowledged. Similarity is a major issue in many people’s lives. For my situation, there has been various occasions wherein I depended on different people’s judgment to settle on a specific choice. The straightforward model is figuring out what hairdo would suit me best. I have counseled and requested guidance from my loved ones for this extremely basic issue. I was unable to choose for myself and I needed to depend on their judgment. Another case wherein instructive social impact was a factor for me was the point at which I was choosing which course to take. To me, such choice appeared to be exceptionally confounding. There were such a large number of alternatives. Hence, I expected to counsel my folks. I asked them their sentiment and wound up following what it was they prompted me to do. Instructive social impact is apparent in the public eye especially in publicizing. Organizations use ads wherein they advance their item by demonstrating overviews led that show their item as the favored decision of the larger part. This is intended to impact customers to go with the same pattern. A great many people would think, â€Å"If a great many people pick this, at that point it must be the best choice.† at the end of the day, they leave their judgment to others. This is an excellent show of how instructive social impact influences the dynamic and conduct of people. On account of the second purpose behind similarity, regularizing social impact, I have had a few encounters wherein it played a factor in my conduct at the given time. This was particularly obvious during my high school years. At the point when I was an adolescent, I wanted to fit in. I needed to be among the famous children at school. So as to be among the mainstream swarm, I attempted to do everything that the famous ones did. I dressed as I saw them dress, I talked and went about as they did. Nonetheless, I saw that the more I attempted to resemble them, the more they were by all accounts inaccessible. All the more significantly, my genuine companions and my family started to address me with regards to why I was doing things that were sudden of me. As I developed more established and developed, I started to understand that not exclusively were my endeavors futile, they were crazy and pointless. These days, each time I think back on those days, I can't resist the opportunity to giggle. â€Å"Fitting in† is a major issue for most youngsters. That is the reason most adolescents get into different sorts of difficulty. Some high school young ladies get pregnant at an early age straightforward on the grounds that they imagined that losing their virginity would make them more invited in the well known group. Then again, young men wind up joining packs as they scan for a feeling of belongingness. Medications and liquor additionally are basic issues that young people face on account of their needing to fit in and be acknowledged by their friends. Fundamentally, this is the place the idea of friend pressure comes in. Companion pressure is just the aftereffect of regularizing social impact. Youngsters feel the weight from their companions to do certain things. They feel that on the off chance that they don't do as what their companions do, they will wind up being disdained and snickered at. For a youngster, mortification is a major disadvantage. This is the motivation behind why young people wind up changing their conduct just to be acknowledged by others.

Essay on Solar Energy

Exposition on Solar Energy Exposition on Solar Energy Affordable achievability of enormous scope sun based vitality assortment Results and Discussion Table 1, (Appendix) shows center ground estimation of PV and cost creation for the 10kW arrangement of PV in dollars. The information can be a portrayal of enormous arrangement of private or brief business framework. The necessary computations were downsized and up having various alterations for the size of economies that are connected to the bigger frameworks establishment. In such manner, the essential expenses incorporate establishment, inverters substitution. The expenses are seen to have a diminishing pattern, and they level incidentally. For example, $80,000 figure establishment is a portrayal considered being reasonable, and idealistic. For this situation, a normal arrangement of private would have $8 in each watt. There is a chance of declining costs with time. The key issues that are connected to the investigation of cost incorporate the panel’s lifetime and the required, markdown rate for the task assessment. Various kinds of boards typically have guarantees that are constrained for a negligible of 20 years or more (Nemet 6) The information introduced expected a multi year estimation of lifetime. Such a time allotment prompts the stretching out of life to around 30 years promotion the expense of each kWh would be littler because of limiting. Table recognizes a scope of genuine financing costs. Various ventures have proposed that a high rate is amazingly intelligent of the various paces of intrigue that are ordinarily looked by an assortment of purchasers. The qualities are consistently higher than the social markdown genuine rate for which an individual could apply to the investigation of the open strategy. In this regard, an intrigue that is lower could be the most important. In table 1, the given low paces of loan fees are modera tely lower thus suitable in the assessment of the pace of the social rebate, and the two high ones are important on assessing the chance of the market capital expense. The outcomes showed likewise appear out that, after establishment, the significant expense that the PV nearby planetary group proprietor would confront includes supplanting the inverter (Barbose, Darghouth and Wiser 3). An examination directed in this field detailed that the interim to time disappointment estimation in inverters is roughly 10 years. Expecting an estimation of 8 years implies that such an inverter will require substitution in any event multiple times inside the term of 25 years life board. This substitution, as per the outcomes in table1 would happen in the eighth and the sixteenth year. The expense for an inverter having the 10kW framework has a scope of $8000, which has a colossal chance of declining with time. Moreover, the expenses of inverters are considered to decrease in interims of 2% every year in real terms that are predictable with the Navigant counseling concentrate for vitality restoration. The showed limits and expenses are typically joined to give out a current expense for the PV framework. Also, table 1 shows the information for concurrent cases, including the value top Psim, advertisement the PsimH, which is high instability of value (LBBW 4). The most elevated and least valuation are shown in the outcomes that are synchronous. The PsimL results are consistently in the range that is shown. The ISO costs results having no growth for when the coupling value tops happened are like the PsimH esteems (Barbose Darghouth and Wiser, 6). Other various examinations led on the PV creation in a lifetime board revealed two TRNSYS recreation modifications behind table 1, at whatever point the assessment of the sun powered creation of the PV is for a real existence time. The maturing impact is considered being one of the elements influencing the creation of the PV sun oriented. For this situation, the PV creation decreases in a given time having the best estimation going from 1% of the first potential every year. Soil impact is another factor that influences the PV cell creation. The boards are known to retain insignificant sun oriented radiation henceforth give out negligible power. The impact of soil on, the PV cells, depends on the quirky variables like the thickness and the measure of precipitation and on endogenous attributes like the exertion of upkeep. The information introduced in table 1 shows the impact of maturing yet not for the ruining. The creation of power from the PV sun powered isn't equivalent to the equivalent creation in the present world. At whatever point the power genuine cost stayed consistent, the genuine loan fee that is certain would cause power creation disappointment with low present worth. Expanding the power cost for a given time would build the current creation. Getting the information on the lessening pattern of the sun oriented PV costs is crucial in the plan of the arrangement because of the irreversible tough nature of that particular speculation. At whatever point the expenses of the PV decrease quickly because of reasons like the approach of endowment, the venture deferral would be seen in numerous organizations. In the event that the decay is just 2015 in consistently, there would be an expanded measure of sustainable power source (Mints 5). Table 2 (supplement) present the interpreted figures of table 1 for the advantages and costs that are leveled. At a three percent genuine yearly intrigue, section 2 shows out the net expense of the PV sunlight based establishment that is like the acquisition of the MWh for the boards life at a genuine value that is consistent End A profound examination of the non market and market attributes are key in understanding the advantages and expenses for the PV sunlight based force. From this investigation, a technique utilized in breaking down the estimation of the market for the PV sun oriented force was shown. The introduced technique delivered an insignificant measure of yields at whatever point the climate was bright, and the interest of the framework was moderately high. The use of this technique recommended that represent the power creation that is time fluctuating in the sun based board may build the yield esteem generously. The utility of the continuous costs permits the change of significant worth from 0% to 20%. Utilizing the recreated model costs will ensure that the pinnacle limit of the gas deals with the fixed expenses through the expanded costs of vitality, which makes the ongoing qualities to build (Bloomberg 6). In a distributer market of power, the recreation is typically generously low in instabi lity. This examination thought about the time-changing reserve funds for the untruth misfortunes particularly when the creation of the influence is on a bigger site. The examination, be that as it may, neglects to represent the potential investment funds from a decreased prerequisite of dissemination and transmission limit. An alternate investigation of such factors would demonstrate their chance of adding up to rate PV sun oriented valuation focuses that are higher than two. As a matter of fact purchasing custom papers from can be your best answer for have your paper composed by specialists. We give proficient exposition composing help on any point.

Assessment Of Selected Resorts In Cavite Province Biology Essay

Appraisal Of Selected Resorts In Cavite Province Biology Essay Resorts in the territory of Cavite are perceived for its legitimate recreational waters. These retreats are planned to furnish imminent clients with an air of diversion, amusement and unwinding. The most well-known sorts are sea shore resorts, pool, and even lakes and streams which are intended to oblige people, gathering of companions and relatives (Bago and Linantud 2004). Additionally recreational waters offer exercises that are valuable and considerable to generally speaking wellbeing. Recreational waters can be defiled and contaminated by microscopic organisms, infections and protozoan parasites (Bitton 1999), despite the fact that the recreational water is regularly treated truly and synthetically utilizing filtration and chlorination to forestall development and disease of certain microorganisms (Montano and Abear 2000). Anyway there are was an expanding number of instances of intense gastroenteritis throughout this mid year and one gathering of organisms prompting their malady are enteric microscopic organisms. Microscopic organisms, for example, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonass aeruginosa that are safe and open minded to chlorine and were known to cause human hopelessness (Mann 2005). Enteric Bacteria are supposed to be infamous and hazardous in light of the fact that they cause recreational water ailment like intense gastroenteritis, cholera, pneumonia, typoid fever, looseness of the bowels, urinary contamination, pneumonia, dermatitis, salmonellosis and otitis outside these illness prompts episodes (Yoder 2008). Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are among those microbes that can flourish in recreational waters and transmitted from gulping and breathing in defiled water before the microorganisms can be decimated by pool water disinfectant (Barwicks et al. 1999). Additionally their flexibility to develop in certain disinfectants like chlorine since they are capsulated microscopic organisms and they have an adaptable metabolic movement, which makes gives them the protection from an assortment of states of being (Cappuccino 2005). The nearness of these living beings demonstrates tainting by pathogenic microorganism. Most waterborne sicknesses are identified with contamination of water assets sources and hence represent an unsuitable wellbeing hazard for swimmers (Schets et al. 2010). Along these lines the need to inspect water tests in a microbiological water angle is basic to guarantee security to swimmers. This investigation is directed to help if the chose hotels in Cavite whether chlorinated and non-chlorinate is defiled with pathogenic microorganism that can prompt potential waterborne maladies. 1.2 Conceptual Framework The water locale guarantee the potability of drinking water by expanding the centralization of Chlorine (Yoder 2008). This consumable drinking water were likewise utilized in resorts. Month to month examining of water tests in pools render negative in enteric microbes. Anyway there is an expanding instances of gastroenteritis for as far back as year. The worldview of the current examination is as per the following : Microbial Status in Chlorinated and non-chlorinated waters from chose resorts Water tests from resorts (pools, streams, waterways and sea shores) ed The goal of this investigation is to assemble distinctive water tests got from chosen resorts and decide the microbial status paying little mind to its chlorine focus levels. 1.3 Statement of the Problem This investigation will expect to decide the microbial status in chose resorts in Cavite. To decide explicitly the accompanying targets: 1. What is the microbial status jpresent in chlorinated and non - chlorinated water in chosen resorts in Cavite? 2. Is there a critical distinction in the all out tally of enteric microscopic organisms and absolute microbes among chlorinated and non-chlorinated waters in chosen resorts in Cavite? 3. Is there a connection between's chlorine focus in the hotels and water tests in lakes, waterways and sea shores? 1.4 Scope and Delimitation The investigation will decide microbial status in chose resorts in Cavite, Province. Water tests will be taken from these chose retreats and chlorine content focus will be resolved utilizing chlorine test packs. It isn't the point of the examination to apply antibacterial operator in enteric microscopic organisms recouped from water investigation. 1.5 Significance of the Study This investigation is intended to discover the microbial status on the chose hotels in Cavite, Philippines. This examination would like to profit the accompanying concerned populace: Resort customer base to be progressively worried to the regions that they went to and be set up since customary antibodies are not dependable in murdering these microorganisms since they are hazardous and are just compelling following quite a while. Resort Administrators and Maintenance staff for the improvement of offices of the pool to advance the preventive measures against multiplication of microorganism which are perceived to be wellbeing hazard issues and consistence to the water quality guidelines. Academe who may utilize this as fundamental data for their future research attempts and data in endurance of microscopic organisms in various ecological conditions. 1.6 Definition of Terms Microbial status this alludes to the microscopic organisms present in chlorinated and non-chlorinated waters from chosen resorts. Pervasiveness the quantity of tests that rendered positive in culture technique over the all out number of tests. Enteric Bacteria these are huge gathering of gram-negative microbes that are known to deliver illness in the wholesome tract. Enteric microscopic organisms that made due in chlorinated waters of resorts. Resorts it is viewed as pools, streams, waterway, lakes and sea shores with chlorine. Microbial Density-The populace or the estimation of the development of the microscopic organisms. Microbial Plating-This alludes strategy used to disengage a pureâ strainâ from a solitary types of microorganism plating technique that will be acted in lab. Complete Bacteria microbes other than enteric microscopic organisms. Programming interface Kit-This alludes to the biochemical test that will decide the secluded microbes from water tests. Chlorination-this is a water cleaning technique to make water safe to people and a sterilizing operator that forestalls the spread the spread of waterborne infections Chlorine test pack This alludes to the synthetic test that will decide the chlorine fixation level of water. Chromogenic Media This alludes to the refined media that will decide the current microscopic organisms in water. Section 2 Survey LITERATURES 2.1 Conceptual Literatures Recreational water Recreational waters can be named new water pools, whirlpools and normally happening new marine surface waters. Irresistible sickness which can be transmitted by recreational water incorporates skin, eye and ear contaminations and gastroenteritis. Subsequently the degree of microorganism in recreational water are significant for ordering their wellbeing danger related with swimming and since the diversion arrangement incorporates washing, swimming and so on any living being transmitted to people can be controlled. The best pointers in the appraisal of the security of pool water is to get mindful of the kinds of danger (microbiological, synthetic and physical) that can affect a washing region. A few specialists underscore that the microbiological nature of pools are best measure by recognizing the microorganisms present in that recreational water, for example, fecal coliform and enterococci, while others consider that the illness and side effects it brought to the bathers as opposed to fecal tainting (Martin et al. 1995). (Montano and Abear 2000) refered to that the microscopic organisms proposed as markers of recreational water quality incorporate a wide assortment of pathogenic microbes and non-pathogenic microorganism, for example, coliform gatherings, types of Pseudomonas, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus and in uncommon case Legionella. The nearness of single coliform creature isn't a ground for censuring water as a unit for human utilization. It is the overall wealth of these living beings, which is significant. As indicated by Papadopoulou et al. (2007) refered to that non-fecal human shedding (for example from upchuck, bodily fluid, spit or skin) in the pool is likewise a potential wellspring of pathogenic living being. Bathers who are now tainted can straightforwardly debase pool waters with pathogen which may influence different bathers, who interact with the defiled water. Deft pathogens (mostly microorganisms) can likewise be shed from client and transmitted by means of tainted water. Additionally certain free living amphibian microorganisms and amoebae can become in pool waters as well as with pool parts or offices or on other wet surfaces inside the office which may cause contaminations or illness. Hence pools are frequently connected with episodes or occurrences of waterborne contamination. Murdoch(1975) as refered to by Amador and Amante (2001) referenced that malady contracted from water murder some 25million individuals, the majority of them youngsters every year, while a large number more are weakened by waterborne infections. Fecal tainting of water can bring an assortment pathogens into water squander, including microscopic organisms, infections, protozoans and parasitic worms. Waterborne related ailments have been perceived by Classes. Class 1, alludes to the genuine waterborne illness shrunk by drinking water. Class 2 are infections related with absence of individual cleanliness which can be diminished by giving satisfactory measure of water to washing and washing. To control such ailments, individuals ought to be furnished with adequate water of sensible quality; accomplishing a high bacteriological quality is an auxiliary thought. Enteric microbes An enormous, heterogenous gathering in the family Enterobacteriaceae, incorporate a few firmly related genera of short and spore shaping, gram-negative bars, facultative anaerobic, that possess or produce malady in the nutritious tract of warm-blooded creature. This family are famous as reasons for urinary tract disease and are recouped fro

A View from the Class Weyni Tadesse Berhe COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

A View from the Class Weyni Tadesse Berhe COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The SIPA Office of Alumni and Development is pleased to share another installment of A View from the Class, a SIPA stories series featuring current SIPA students, recently graduated alumni, and SIPA faculty. In this issue, we feature current SIPA student Weyni Tadesse Berhe MIA 18. Weyni is a second year Master of International Affairs candidate, concentrating in International Finance and Economic Policy with a specialization in Advanced Policy Economic Analysis, and Management. What were you doing prior to attending SIPA? After graduating from the College of Wooster in 2014, I worked as an Adviser at the Permanent Observer Mission of the African Union to the United Nations. During my tenure, I participated in the yearlong intergovernmental negotiations of the Sustainable Development Goals and Financing for Development, G77 and China consultations, UN Economic and Financial Committee meetings, and UN Security Council consultations at the United Nations Headquarters in New York. Why did you choose SIPA? During my time at the African Union (AU) Observer Mission to the UN, through collaborations among SIPA, the AU, and the UN, I had opportunities to organize conferences at SIPA and meet SIPA professors and students. I was drawn by the nuanced discussions, the plethora of opportunities to which students have access, and the caliber of students and professors. Also, my experience at UN intergovernmental negotiations and Security Council deliberations revealed that despite the sizable membership of countries of the Global South, their development priorities and voice within the UN were mitigated by their economic limitations and political uncertainties, and that any policy could not be formulated without taking into account the economic and political realities of each country. I knew that SIPA’s MIA program would provide me with the theoretical tools and practical knowledge to investigate the complimentary nexus among financial markets, economic development, political structures, and policymaking. What are some experiences outside of the classroom that you have had at SIPA? During summer 2017, I worked for both Deloitte’s Corporate Finance and GE’s Capital and Healthcare business units. As a Financial Analyst Consultant at GE, I developed execution plans for on-book and off-book financing for GE’s second and third quarter healthcare portfolio. And, as a Summer Associate at Deloitte, I prepared a real estate industry report for a Deloitte institutional investor that is diversifying its investments from the commodity industry to the real estate market. This spring, my SIPA Capstone Workshop team and I are working with Morgan Stanley’s Global Financial Crimes unit to revamp the firm’s Anti-Money Laundering Transaction Monitoring System. I am also involved in different social ventures at Columbia University. I was the President of the SIPA Pan-African Network, and I am the Co-Chair of the 15th Annual African Economic Forum, which is the largest Africa centered conference at Columbia University organized by the African student networks at SIPA, Columbia Business School, and Columbia Law School. How has SIPA impacted you? I was born in the midst of an Ethiopian civil war in a small makeshift tent in a battleground to two freedom fighter parents who joined the anti-communist resistance movement to ensure freedom, equality, and liberty for all Ethiopians. Service and the quest for a just, equitable, and free world have been the cornerstone of my upbringing and experience. Being surrounded by like-minded, rising professionals who have committed their lives to uplift the lives of their communities has made my SIPA experience enriching and humbling. What are your plans after SIPA? I am keen on exploring innovative and sustainable investment platforms that assist investors in realizing environmentally, socially, and financially driven investments that enhance communities’ quality of life.

A View from the Class Weyni Tadesse Berhe COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

A View from the Class Weyni Tadesse Berhe COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The SIPA Office of Alumni and Development is pleased to share another installment of A View from the Class, a SIPA stories series featuring current SIPA students, recently graduated alumni, and SIPA faculty. In this issue, we feature current SIPA student Weyni Tadesse Berhe MIA 18. Weyni is a second year Master of International Affairs candidate, concentrating in International Finance and Economic Policy with a specialization in Advanced Policy Economic Analysis, and Management. What were you doing prior to attending SIPA? After graduating from the College of Wooster in 2014, I worked as an Adviser at the Permanent Observer Mission of the African Union to the United Nations. During my tenure, I participated in the yearlong intergovernmental negotiations of the Sustainable Development Goals and Financing for Development, G77 and China consultations, UN Economic and Financial Committee meetings, and UN Security Council consultations at the United Nations Headquarters in New York. Why did you choose SIPA? During my time at the African Union (AU) Observer Mission to the UN, through collaborations among SIPA, the AU, and the UN, I had opportunities to organize conferences at SIPA and meet SIPA professors and students. I was drawn by the nuanced discussions, the plethora of opportunities to which students have access, and the caliber of students and professors. Also, my experience at UN intergovernmental negotiations and Security Council deliberations revealed that despite the sizable membership of countries of the Global South, their development priorities and voice within the UN were mitigated by their economic limitations and political uncertainties, and that any policy could not be formulated without taking into account the economic and political realities of each country. I knew that SIPA’s MIA program would provide me with the theoretical tools and practical knowledge to investigate the complimentary nexus among financial markets, economic development, political structures, and policymaking. What are some experiences outside of the classroom that you have had at SIPA? During summer 2017, I worked for both Deloitte’s Corporate Finance and GE’s Capital and Healthcare business units. As a Financial Analyst Consultant at GE, I developed execution plans for on-book and off-book financing for GE’s second and third quarter healthcare portfolio. And, as a Summer Associate at Deloitte, I prepared a real estate industry report for a Deloitte institutional investor that is diversifying its investments from the commodity industry to the real estate market. This spring, my SIPA Capstone Workshop team and I are working with Morgan Stanley’s Global Financial Crimes unit to revamp the firm’s Anti-Money Laundering Transaction Monitoring System. I am also involved in different social ventures at Columbia University. I was the President of the SIPA Pan-African Network, and I am the Co-Chair of the 15th Annual African Economic Forum, which is the largest Africa centered conference at Columbia University organized by the African student networks at SIPA, Columbia Business School, and Columbia Law School. How has SIPA impacted you? I was born in the midst of an Ethiopian civil war in a small makeshift tent in a battleground to two freedom fighter parents who joined the anti-communist resistance movement to ensure freedom, equality, and liberty for all Ethiopians. Service and the quest for a just, equitable, and free world have been the cornerstone of my upbringing and experience. Being surrounded by like-minded, rising professionals who have committed their lives to uplift the lives of their communities has made my SIPA experience enriching and humbling. What are your plans after SIPA? I am keen on exploring innovative and sustainable investment platforms that assist investors in realizing environmentally, socially, and financially driven investments that enhance communities’ quality of life.

Steps to Getting a Summer Job

With summer at our fingertips, it’s that time to be seeking out summer jobs and, if you’re a senior, earning some money pre-college. That being said, if you’re unfamiliar with it, the path to employment can be a bit tricky to navigate. Below is a step-by-step walk through of what to generally be prepared for. 1. Make a resume This is a huge must-do at one point or another. A resume should be a one-page representation of what you have accomplished thus far in your high school career. In general, you want to include sections for academics, work/internship experience, extracurriculars (or volunteer experience), and relevant awards/honors. Order the listed activities within each section by date – the most recent at the top. There isn’t necessarily one right way to do a resume. So long as it concisely showcases your strengths in a reader-friendly manner, you’re headed in the right direction. 2. Visit businesses Once you have a resume that you feel good about, it’s beneficial to personally visit the stores, restaurants, or businesses that you are interested in applying to. It’s advisable to go during the slower hours of the day so that an employee can afford to spend time attending to a non-customer. Be sure to bring your resumes with you. It has been my experience that the majority of workers that you talk to at the register or front desk are incredibly helpful and friendly. Inquire about if they are hiring for summer; unless they are managers, there is a decent chance that these employees will not know. If that’s the case, ask if they have an application on hand that you can fill out, and mention that you have a resume to leave behind. Many businesses will have an application there and, if not, they will direct you towards their application online. 3. Fill out applications The applications themselves are the most fundamental part of the job-searching process. They can take anywhere from 10 to day threshold, don’t be afraid to give that business a phone call (they’re harder to ignore than emails). All you need to say is, â€Å"Hi, my name is [your name here], and I wanted to check up on an application I dropped off [however many days] ago.† If they can’t give you a direct answer on the spot, they will guide you towards someone who can, or else provide a clearer time frame of when you will hear back. In other instances, you will be followed up with. Most businesses prefer to call you rather than email (again – harder to ignore), and if you’re in school (which tends to happen a lot when they reach out†¦), they’ll leave behind a voicemail. For the most part, it will pertain to setting up a time to sit down and, well, interview you. Be professional and collected as you respond, and then quickly get to marking your calendar! 5. Interview Every company chooses to conduct their interviews a little bit differently. Some prefer over the phone. Others are strictly in person. They can last anywhere from ten minutes to an hour plus. It could be just you, or you with several other potential candidates. No matter what, though, be confident in what you bring to the table. It’s important for the employer to like you, but (just as it is with picking colleges), it’s also crucial that you like the employer – or, at least, the job he or she is hiring for. When in doubt, it’s better to over dress, and remember the importance of a firm handshake and good eye contact. Be comfortable talking about your strengths ahead of time, but also be well versed in your weaknesses; employers like to ask questions about when you’ve failed or what your greatest flaw is. Similarly, there may be a few case questions, hypothetical situations that they’ll bring up and then ask you how you’d respond. (â€Å"A customer accuses you of making his drink wrong. What do you do?† type of a thing.) Just stay relaxed, stay positive, and it’ll be over before you know it.

Essay about The Reconstruction Era The Planted Seeds

The first roar of the Civil War ended with a last gasp for air. Where in such a war more than six hundred twenty thousand men sacrificed their lives for their own belief in the abolishment of slavery (â€Å"Civil War Facts†). â€Å"We here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain. That this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom† (Baslor). These wise words of Abraham Lincoln cleared the way of a desolate trail of violence and pain, yet he was determined to accomplish his plans of abolishing slavery and creating equality. The Civil War, began in 1861 and ended in 1865, yet it was known as one of the bloodiest wars America has ever walked through compared to other American Wars (â€Å"Civil War Facts†). After the Civil War†¦show more content†¦In the article, it states: â€Å"Congress passed an act on March 3, 1865 to establish the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands. The program was administered by the Departm ent of War and was first headed by General Oliver Otis Howard who was appointed to the position by President Abraham Lincoln† (â€Å"Reconstruction Era: 1865 – 1877†). The Freedmen’s Bureau was established by Lincoln which encouraged former plantation owners to rebuild their own plantations, and urged African Americans to gain employment (â€Å"Reconstruction Era: 1865 – 1877†). â€Å"After the drastic assassination of Abraham Lincoln the Congress made official the 13th amendment† (Civil War and Reconstruction (1850-1877)†). The 13th Amendment completely abolished slavery in the U.S. which was a major advantage for African Americans. Abraham Lincoln was as great and important as the other presidents who helped in the Reconstruction Era, yet Lincoln holds a great legacy behind him after having issued the Emancipation Proclamation, Freedmen’s Bureau, and the 13th amendment. Everyone in a lifetime goes through a tough experience in life in which they might think no one else really understands, since no one else has walked on the same footsteps as them. â€Å"When Andrew Johnson was fourteen, he and his brother were sold as servants to a tailor, they had to work for him and in return they would get food, clothing and shelter. After 2 years the boys ran away† (â€Å"Andrew Johnson†). Johnson, forShow MoreRelatedThe Civil War : A Bloody War Ever Fought1238 Words   |  5 Pagescollapsed and slavery was eventually abolished. Reconstruction began the process of restoring national unity and guaranteeing civil rights to the freed slaves was in full swing. America had now been experimenting with interracial democracy, a great factor in the Reconstruction. In 1867, two years after the Civil War had ended, the Congress of the United States demanded racial equality in the South. Besides just racial equality, the Reconstruction was also an era in whi ch the South was rebuilt. The CivilRead MoreThe Birth Of A Nation1188 Words   |  5 Pagescinema, is only about to get more complex and chaotic. The Birth of a Nation was originally the title of D.W. Griffith’s 1915 racist propaganda film about the rise of the Ku Klux Klan who â€Å"saved† the South from being dictated by blacks during the Reconstruction era when the North tried to rebuild the South after the Civil War. Now, that title poises a new movie written, directed, produced, and starring actor Nate Parker that dramatizes the 1831 slave rebellion led by enslaved African-American Nat TurnerRead MoreRed River Analysis1781 Words   |  8 PagesRed River by Lalita Tademy At some point in our lives, we all took a history class and learned about the Slave Trades, the Civil War and the Reconstruction Era. Whether it was in elementary school, high school, or even in college, we all got a sense of that history and happened during that time frame. From what I learned, the impression that I got from what these history books were explaining was that, first, white people went to Africa and gathered hundreds and thousands of people, took themRead MoreShuwen Qian. Stephen Snow. Hist-117. 04 May 2017. Red River2103 Words   |  9 Pagesintertwining story of two families struggling to make a place for themselves in an America deeply divided after the Civil War. Sooner or later in our lives, we all took a history class and learned about the Slave Trades, the Civil War and the Reconstruction Era. Whether it was in elementary school, high school, or even in college, we all got a sense of that history and happened during that period. From what I learned, the impression that I got from what these history books were clarifying was thatRead MoreHistory Southern Manifesto and Brown V. Board of Education of Topeka1787 Words   |  8 PagesConstitution, is creating chaos and confusion in the States principally affected. It is destroying the amicable relations between the white and Negro races that have been created through 90 years of patient effort by the good people of both races. It has planted hatred and suspicion where there has been heretofore friendship and understanding Fourtheen amendmendt Its Equal Protection Clause requires each state to provide equal protection under the law to all people within its jurisdiction. This clauseRead MoreAgriculture, Horticulture And Ancient Egypt3029 Words   |  13 Pagesover 6000 year-old records to show the country’s history. The artistic brilliance provoked by the Egyptian civilization, the splendid burial chambers conditions, and the dry climate of the country have all contributed in ensuring that there is a reconstruction of the agricultural technology history. The ancient Egypt is presently considered as the source and hub of modern agricultural technology in the globe. Background The Egyptian story constructs the foundation of modern history. The artifacts ofRead MoreDoes The Seeds Of Hatred Still Live? Essay2183 Words   |  9 PagesThe Seeds of Hatred Still Live? Does the seeds of hatred planted by the Transatlantic Slave Trade still exist? What I mean by that question if you didn’t know was does racism still exist even after slavery, even after Jim Crow, even after we have a black president. Yes, racism is still alive and well, it lives in the hearts of so many people of all color. Racism, something that was born of the malice in the hearts of men nearly half of a millennium ago. The seeds of hatred was planted in theRead MoreEssay on The Great Famine1754 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"deaths began to mount and tragic horrific scenes ensured all over Ireland: Mass Graves, Corpses gnawed by rats, hunger marches, and roadside deaths† (Kelley 137). 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After briefRead MoreHemp Cultivation in China42289 Words   |  170 Pages(Cannabis sativa L.) cultivation and traditional use in the Tai an District of Shandong Province in the People s Republic of China, and investigates the cultivation and processing techniques currently being employed to produce hemp ribbon and hemp seed. Recent production levels and market conditions are reviewed. Comparisons with Hungarian hemp cultivation and processing, being representative of Western hemp production, are provided where appropriate. Wild types and escaped plants are als o described

The Theory Of Deviant Behavior - 1608 Words

In this essay, I will critically assess that deviant behaviour is likely, related to the strength of social bonds. The Control Theory is the criminological theory, which is mostly driven by classicist beliefs, similar in the freedom of choice, and the ability to stop ourselves from committing a crime. It is a theory of why individual’s do not commit the crime? (Hirschi,1969) The theory was popular in the 1950’s/1960’s, as this was a new way of thinking since other theorists were interested, why do people commit a crime? and the control theory begins to explain the social controls/bonds to their society, which can insulate an individual from deviance. As it is presumed the majority of people would commit the crime if they had the chance. It†¦show more content†¦(Newburn, 2012: p236). Sykes and Matza’s (1957) theory was that delinquents do not usually believe in delinquent behaviour all the time, they conform most of the time and believe in community values. However, when delinquent behaviour is apparent, offenders deny responsibility, by saying â€Å"something came over me† (Sanderson, 1994: p94) Most delinquents grow out of their behaviour as they mature (Vold, Bernard and Snipes, 2002: p 182) Travis Hirschi ‘social bond’ theory (1969) theory insinuates that we all have the ability to commit the crime, but the stronger social bonds we have with intuitions like school and family, the more probable to conform. Hirschi recommended 4 categories of social control. Firstly, ‘Attachment’ this is the strength of the ties with family and friends. â€Å"Lack of attachment is directly conductive to delinquency because the unattached child does not have to consider the consequences of his actions for his relations with his parents†. (Hirschi, 1969: p98), which implies that individuals who are not in a secure relationship with their parents are more likely to endeavour in delinquency. However, not all unattached children break the law. Secondly, ‘Commitment’ this is how much of an individual’s time they are willing to invest in education. â€Å"Most, people simply by the process of living in an organized society, acquire goods, repu tations prospects thatShow MoreRelatedTheories for Sexually Deviant Behavior3637 Words   |  14 PagesIntroduction Each one of us, at some point in our lives, witness or come across people who have a behavior that cannot be termed as being normal. Depending on the severity of the deviant behavior that some people possess, they are labeled as offenders or criminals. However, it should be noted here that every criminal is some kind of an offender. The general broad terms that are used to categorize the aforementioned people are sexual offenders, violent offenders and substance abuse offenders. TheseRead MoreDifferential Opportunity Theory Of Deviant Behavior1334 Words   |  6 PagesDifferential Opportunity Theory Sociologists have created many theories to explain deviant behavior, how we learn it, and why we do it. The theory of anomie, differential opportunity, and general strain will be discussed throughout this paper to explain how a person is led to deviant behavior. Deviant behavior can be learned through many aspects of life however, there are many theories explain how this occurs. The anomie theory refers to the lack of normal ethical or social standards however; DurkhiemRead MoreDeviant Behavior / The Social Learning Theory1751 Words   |  8 Pages 2014 Social Behavior Final Paper – SOC 3380 Sherri Nichols DEVIANT BEHAVIOR, THE SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY, AND SOCIAL REACTION â€Æ' A person would be considered to be acting in a deviant manner within a social setting if they are violating the established social â€Å"norm† within that particular culture. What causes a human being to act in certain ways is a disputed topic among researchers. There are three types of researchers that have tried to answer this question. ThereRead MoreDeviant Behavior Essay1674 Words   |  7 PagesDeviant behavior refers to behavior that does not conform to norms, does not meet the expectations of a group of a society as a whole. After birth, children begin to experience situations with others. They are taught what he or she should and should not do, what is good or bad and what is right or wrong. Learning habits that conform to the customs and traditions of the groups into which the child is born develops a system of values. These values provide justification and motivation or for wantingRead More Deviant Behavior Essay1653 Words   |  7 PagesDeviant Behavior Deviant behavior refers to behavior that does not conform to norms, does not meet the expectations of a group of a society as a whole. After birth, children begin to experience situations with others. They are taught what he or she should and should not do, what is good or bad and what is right or wrong. Learning habits that conform to the customs and traditions of the groups into which the child is born develops a system of values. These values provide justification and motivationRead MoreThere Is A Wide Array Of Theories About The Cause Of Crime1102 Words   |  5 PagesThere is a wide array of theories about the cause of crime ranging from predisposition to environmental factors. Research and development of these delinquency theories have progressed and been categorized by biological, psychological, and sociological theories. A major biological theory is Richard Dugdale’s theory of inheritance. There are several psychological theories with two of them being intelligence t heory and Sigmund Freud’s personality trait theory. Sociological theories includes Emilie Durkheim’sRead MoreDeviance Theory Analysis Essay1564 Words   |  7 PagesDeviance Theory Analysis - Identify Deviance for situations and explain Within any given society, individuals are expected to behave and or conduct themselves in a given acceptable manner. However, there are instances when particular individuals act contrary to the set standards and violate the cultural norms. Such acts may include acts of crime, theft, defiance, breaking of rules, and truancy just to mention a few. Deviance could thus be viewed as the intentional or accidental violation of theRead MoreSocial Deviance : A Sociological Perspective On Deviant And Criminal Behavior Within Sociology1160 Words   |  5 PagesSociological theories of deviance are those that use social context and social pressures to explain deviance. You’ll find these in your readings for this week. Think of the diagram for a functionalist approach to deviance: Great post! You did a nice job defining deviance as a whole. A theory closely associated with this term is labeling theory. Labeling theory is one of the most important approaches to understanding deviant and criminal behavior within sociology. Labeling theory begins with theRead MoreDeviance Essay911 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Theories Of Devaince Presented In There Are No Children Here The four theories of deviance are The Learning Theory, The Strain Theory, The Social-Bond Theory and the Labeling Theory. These theories alone can explain the reasoning behind someone’s deviant behavior. But, in There Are No Children Here we see all of these theories being demonstrated. This lets us have an understanding of exactly why we are seeing the deviant behavior that we are. This learning theory is basically the idea thatRead MoreThe Behavior Of Deviant Behavior976 Words   |  4 PagesNext, Hirschi explains commitment. Commitment may be hard for a person with deviant behavior. If you commit to want to do well you may succeed. But if you do not commit to anything then you may be involved in delinquency. Reason for this is that you do not have anything to lose. When you really do not have much to lose in life, then you tend to have a negative outlook on life. Commitment involves the time, energy and effort. For example, commitment on getting a great education involves putting your

10 Facts About Simon Bolivar of Venezuela

Culture Values For Nigeria And The United States - 1430 Words

A. Culture Values for Nigeria and the United States The cultural differences between the United States and Nigeria values play a vital role in the difficulties for Arik Air. A company would need to adopt their strategy for the country they are operating in. The Geert Hofstede webpage shows Nigeria scores higher than the United States on power distance, a score of 80 on the Geert Hofstede webpage. Power distance is defined as the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organizations within a country expect and accept that power is distributed unequally (Adekola Sergi, 2007). People from this culture accept power structures and hierarchies while supervisors are highly respected. Nigeria is considered a hierarchical†¦show more content†¦In a collectivist culture like Nigeria values are culturally tight, as they have a set of norms that the in-group follows; opinions are people have a strong sense of shame for losing face (Geert-Hofstede.com, 2015). In Nigeria’s collectivist culture demonstrates ther e is a greater reliance on rules and standards of behavior, and promotion criteria focus on age and loyalty rather individual ability. The decision making process is centralized and are made on consensus rather than debate, and promotion decisions take account of the employee’s in-group, management is the management of groups. The United States has a high score of 91 in individualism. Americans are accustomed to doing business with people they do not know acting independently, and communication is informal and direct. Americans will approach their prospective counterparts in order to seek information. Hierarchy in the United States is established for convenience, superiors are accessible and managers rely on individual employees and teams for their expertise. They are loose knit and live by the model of not relying too much on authorities for support (Geert-Hofstede.com, 2015). The Nigerian population is low in uncertainty avoidance along with the United States. These two countries are similar in style for uncertainty avoidance. Uncertainty avoidance deals with a member’s tolerance for uncertainty and doubt, and as a nation

The Banning of Capital Punishment Essay - 1058 Words

The Banning of Capital Punishment Capital punishment is a brutal, antiquated concept that must be abolished in the name of civilized society. A humane culture cannot abide the organized extermination of human beings in the name of justice. In the United States, dozens of people are put to death every year like stray animals, only perhaps in less humane ways. The methods of capital punishment vary greatly, but none are publicly accepted as humane. Societys support for the death penalty is waning, but there is still enough support in the United States to keep it legal in many states. The death penalty exercises only the most primal instincts to kill and extract revenge in an organized fashion. This is why the death penalty must be†¦show more content†¦Race, social status, economic status, level of education, and location of crime are key in the selection of those to be executed. The fate of one mans life often depends on the whims and prejudgements of the jury he is granted. Only 0.3 % of those convinced of cr imes eligible for capital punishment are sentenced to death. Of course, one may think it good that such a relatively small number of people are executed, but this number represents the frivolous inclination of the legal system. In fact, since the reinstatement of the death penalty in the United States in 1976, only five white persons have been executed for killing a black person. This tells the public that the value of their lives depends on their race and the jurys opinion of them. This sets back years of struggle for civil rights in the North America. Society suffers in the face of such and pre-dispose justice. Besides being arbitrary in selection, once selected, the condemned must undergo a series of cruel and torturous events. The enforcement of capital punishment is a sadistic and macabre activity which appeals to the more grim aspects of human nature: wrath and malice. The condemned is told of his execution date and is then confined in a maximum security prison to await his ex ecution. This is hardly a fitting punishment even if one believes that death is the answer. For there to be an equivalence between criminal homicide and execution, Albert Camus wrote, the deathShow MoreRelatedBanning Capital Punishment in the United States Essay1187 Words   |  5 PagesBanning the use of capital punishment in the United States Capital punishment (the death penalty) is a legal procedure which is known as the most severe punishment where the law authorizes execution as a punishment for criminals (Gerald, 2008). Many people claim that allowing such a punishment will help decrease the crime rate, and also give closure to the victim’s family, but if you as American citizens analyze this situation in more detail you can see that taking a life for taking a life is moreRead MoreRace, Capital Punishment, And The Cost Of Murder884 Words   |  4 Pageswill critique â€Å"Race, Capital Punishment, and the Cost of Murder† by M. Cholbi. The critique will discuss and point out some unnecessary concepts and flaws in the author’s argument along with logical fallacies. The author appeals for a moratorium among capital punishment due to racial disparities. This essay will analyze the author’s paper on the subject of race and capital punishment. The subject of capital punishment is controversial , as some citizens believe capital punishment is unconstitutionalRead MoreIn Recent Years, The Death Penalty Has Been A Controversial1750 Words   |  7 Pageswhich are considered inhumane and cruel by many. Each execution case costs about four times more than cases where the death penalty isn’t sought. Executions have also become more difficult to perform as a whole due to the European Union recently banning the export of these toxic drugs(Childress). This causes those performing the executions on individuals to turn to other methods which at times does not end well for those sentenced, thus furthering the argument of those that claim the death penaltyRead MoreEssay on The Death Penalty Is A Necessary Evil1099 Words   |  5 Pagescrime as well as a safeguard for society. It also helps to keep order in our cities. It is a just and effective punishment for those who have committed crimes heinous enough to deserve death. The death penalty is not a new idea in our world. Its origins date back over 3,700 years to the Babylonian civilization, where it was prescribed for a variety of crimes. (Capital Punishment p.10). It was also greatly used in the Greek and Roman empires. It continued into England during the Middle AgesRead MoreThe Death Penalty And Capital Punishment2746 Words   |  11 PagesThe death penalty and capital punishment were brought to America from Britain when America was colonized. This paper will argue why the death penalty is an outdated punishment and that it needs to be banned in America. When analyzing certain key points as crime rates, costs to maintain death row inmates, wrongful convictions, and ethics it becomes evident that the death penalty should be ruled illegal in the United States. Firstly regarding the history of how capital punishment came to America fromRead More Capital Punishment: Not Cruel and Not Unusual Essay1276 Words   |  6 Pages Capital punishment and the practice of the death penalty is an issue that is passionately debated in the United States. Opponents of the death penalty claim that capital punishment is unnecessary since a life sentence accomplishes the same objective. What death penalty opponents neglect to tell you is that convicted murders and child rapists escape from prison every year(List of prison escapes, 2015). As I write this essay, police are searching for two convicted murders who escaped fromRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is The Ultimate Punishment882 Words   |  4 PagesChristopher Llamas Curtis Becker Comp 1 03 October 2017 The death penalty The death penalty is the ultimate punishment. There is no harsher punishment than death itself. This nation, the United States of America, is currently one of fifty-eight nations that practice the death penalty, if one commits first-degree murder as of 2012. People that believe in the death penalty also believe that it will deter murders. In this paper I will argue that the death penalty does not deter criminals and thatRead MoreThe Inhumanity of Death Penalty892 Words   |  4 Pagescrime is considered to get the death penalty. This punishment is a symbol of violation and across the line of humanity in Indonesia, a country that follows the Pancasila, one of whose principles is just and civilized humanity. Thus, death penalties based on retaliation are no longer appropriate (Winarta and McDonald, 2011). Death penaltyis also not effective to stop the criminality. Therefore death penalty should be banned as a form of punishment in Indonesia. In his book The Second Greatest CrimeRead MoreEssay on The Death Penalty Does NOT Reduce Crime1533 Words   |  7 PagesTodays system of capital punishment tolerates many inequalities and injustices. The common arguments for the death penalty are filled with holes. Imposing the death penalty is expensive and time consuming. Each year billions of dollars are spent to sentence criminals to death. Perhaps the most frequently raised argument against capital punishment is that of its cost. Other thoughts on the death penalty are to turn criminals away from committing violent acts. A just argument against the death penaltyRead MoreZea Robinson. Ap Seminar. Mrs. Frye. Period 3. 6 January1415 Words   |  6 PagesZea Robinson AP Seminar Mrs. Frye Period 3 6 January 2017 (Ethics) Banning the Death Penalty The death penalty is a serious and permanent sentence. The prison system should not hand out this sentence freely; yet 1,442 people have been executed since 1976. (DPIC) This is unacceptable due to the fact that the procedure is not a guarantee against â€Å"cruel and unusual punishment† (Unah). Also some of those who were given the death sentence were wrongly accused (Simonovic). Should it then be legal to

Business and Corporation Law for EY Pty Ltd- MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theBusiness and Corporation Lawfor Robert and EY Pty Ltd. Answer: The Case Between Robert and EY Pty Ltd In situations where a person's private interests conflict with his or her professional interests and duties, such an individual will get charged with Conflict of Interest according to the business law. Therefore, with regard to the case between Robert and EY Pty Ltd, it can be said that Robert breached her directors duty by failing to perform her duty of loyalty to EY Ltd. She will be liable for Conflict of Interest because of using her position to influence the EY board of directors decision for her own personal gain instead of the general benefit of the company. Robert knew that once the company agrees to have a long-term contract with WHS where she enjoys the majority shares, she will benefit a great deal. It is against Directors Statutory Duties under sections 181, 182, and 183 of the Corporations Act to practice conflict of interest. Even though Robert had a conflict of interest on the negation of the contract between EY and WHS companies, she was still to be included on the board meeting. It is because she could not recuse herself. Recusal means that when an individual has a conflict of interest she can withdraw from her duties and avoid participating in the decision-making process. She could remain on the board but only participates on the agendas that have conflict. On the other hand, she must disclose her self-interest before any further conflicts arise. Doing so will help other directors understand her overall background as provided under section 182 of the 2006 Act. Moreover, the remedies that EY should seek against Robert may include breach of duty, skill, and diligence. EY may also decide to put an injunction, set aside the business and restitution, make account for the profits, and to restore damages from Sam. Moreover, the company can decide to terminate Robert's service contract or disqualify him as a director as stated under Company Directors Disqualification Act 1986. In addition to remedies, the penalties that Robert might face if found to have breached his duties could be the civil or criminal punishments. His breach could be criminal if he had acted with intentional dishonesty or recklessly as provided under section 184 of the Corporate Act. On the other hand, the EY Company might take civil action and claim for the damages under common law, in order to avoid high threshold of the criminal standard of proof. Duty of Care and Diligence Rose as non-executive director can be allowed to sit on the board but plays no active role in the day to day management of the business. However, Rose still has some vital responsibilities as well as penalties that she might face if she fails to carry out her duties. The responsibilities of Rose as a non-executive are: (1) to provide input to the introduction program (2) to provide independent oversight and provide a constructive challenge to the board, and (3) to insist on receiving correct information in advance of meetings or between the meetings. She was not allowed to perform the above duties, which means that her rights to the statutory duty of care and diligence got breached. Sam did everything without consulting any of the board members; thus, leaving Rose in a situation where she was not able to discharged her duties like any other reasonable person would have exercised. Consequently, Roses agreement to the purchase of the new premise would not be protected by s.180 (2) of the Corporation law. It is because Rose made her judgment not in good faith for the proper purpose. On the other hand, she did not inform herself of the matter, considering the limited time Sam gave them. Sam did not give her enough time to obtain enough information about the new premise. Other than that, she had no confidence in considering the matter. Lastly, she did not rationally believe that the judgment was in the interest of the company because they were forced into it without being given enough time to consider other alternatives. Judgment Rule The rationale of the Business Judgment Rule is to protect directors who work for the best interest of the company in honest and good faith. Directors act as the trustees of the company; hence, it is their liability to work for corporation's best interest. The significance of Judgment rule is that it protects directors against the derivative actions from the shareholders if particular conditions are not met. However, this rule does not give directors many opportunities to avoid the consequences of poor company decision making. For example, a director who has not participated in the management of the company will also be involved in the breach of that duty, whether the director is aware of the breach or not.

Comparation Study of Instant Noodle free essay sample

In the case of instant noodle packaging design, consumer can see many kind of instant noodle. Packaging is one of the factors that can attract the consumer through the design. There are many factors direct or indirect that affected the consumer brand preference. Those factors can be inside the product like taste and quantity, or outside factor which can be packaging design, direct promotion, advertising etc.Before discussing about the effect of packaging point of interest to the consumer brand preference, it would be better if we look at the history of instant noodle which determined the development of instant noodle packaging design. Instant noodles have become a common kitchen item in most Far East countries since its introduction in 1958. Noodles have a history of more than 2000 years in China and from there it has spread to Japan and Europe. However, it was not until 1958 that Nissin Foods of Japan introduced the first instant Chicken Ramen which was intended to be eaten anywhere. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparation Study of Instant Noodle or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Instant noodle is called â€Å"Raumen† in Japan. Raumenis a noodle soup loved by all Japanese. The four components of raumen noodles, sauce, broth and toppings can create countless variations. The key ingredients in the sauce include salt soy-sauce and miso. The history of Raumen had not appeared by 1900. Since this year, Chinese cooks have started to make Chinese noodle in all over in Japan and Japanese people re-make those noodle for Japanese climate and favorite taste. In 1958 Raumen rapidly became popular among the Japanese people. This year, the first instant noodle in the world was sold.After that, invented Miso Raumen in 1961 and cup noodle in 1971. In the late 1980s Tonkotsu, or pork broth, marked an epoch in Tokyo. After that, people started searching for local varieties with new tastes. Among the cities spotlighted were Asahikawa in Hokkaido, Wakayama and Tokushima. Since the mid-1990, however, the focus has shifted from localities to individual chefs. And now there are over 200 thousands raumen restaurants in Japan. Raumen became Japanese national foodhttp://www.labelandnarrowweb.com/october021.htmhttp://www.raumen.co.jp/english/history.htmlhttp://www.raumen.co.jp

How To Use Travel Essay Samples To Improve Your Writing

How To Use Travel Essay Samples To Improve Your WritingFinding a travel essay sample can be the first step to writing the perfect piece. These travel essays are used to showcase your various travels. They often contain little information about themselves, but these are the first steps to writing the perfect travel essay.Writing travel essays can be very frustrating because of all the opinions and information that you need to research and incorporate. Finding a good travel essay sample to use can help your research becomes easier and faster. Travel essay samples are also a great way to let you know if the pieces you want to write are going to be enjoyable or stressful.These travel essay samples are different from essays for school. They have more information. These often contain interviews with yourself and with other people. By using travel essay samples to help you start writing your own travel essay, you can begin by simply putting together some of the information you gather into a travel journal.These travel essay samples give you a better idea of how to use the information you gather to write a travel essay. You will also learn what not to do. Many times, writers look for the most popular opinions in the world when they write a travel essay, but the truth is that by knowing the facts, you can write in a way that is more beneficial to the reader.Most travel essay samples are meant to be short and to the point. If you want a more comprehensive write up, then you will have to find more information. The best advice is to ask questions. Go out there and learn from your friends and your fellow travelers who have traveled and experienced similar things as you have.Travel essay samples will give you more information than you could ever ask for. Just remember to learn from other experiences instead of copying and pasting what you have read in a magazine. Research can be the key to learning from experience and getting the knowledge you need to write an informative tr avel essay. With the right travel essay samples, you can get the information you need to make a great travel essay and to make the writing process easier.Use travel essay samples when you are trying to write your first travel essay. This will allow you to get a feel for the style of writing that you will eventually be known for. If you are new to writing travel essays, this article can help you get your feet wet. Once you have learned how to work with a travel essay sample, your journey will be much easier to write.

Collaboration, Cooperation, and Coordination

Counseling Report Guide Essay Example

Counseling Report Guide Essay Example Counseling Report Guide Essay Counseling Report Guide Essay Counseling Report Guide I. Counseling Process A. Time and Setting B. Client’s behavior C. Client’s problem D. Counseling goal (Note: This should be agreed upon by client and counselor prior to the session) E. Counselor’s strategies and techniques F. Result of the counseling session (Note: If you and the counselee achieved the therapeutic goal? Why or why not? ) II. Analysis of the Session [Note: Include these questions in a question-and-answer format in the paper; use 12 font size, Arial, single spacing. Instructions: For each question, provide transcript segments to support your answer. Indicate Counselor (CR) and Counselee (CL) exchanges, include relevant nonverbal behavior of both parties, e. g. , pause/silence, laughter, teary eyes, loud/soft voice, etc. 1. What went well in the counseling process? Be specific. Give sample transcript segments. 2. What did not go well in the counseling process? Why? Be specific. Give example sample segments. 3. What did you do well as a counselor? Be specific. Give sample transcript segments. 4. What did you not do well as a counselor? Be specific. Give sample transcript segments. 5. Upon reflection, what should you have done? Be specific. 6. What insights did you have from your counseling experience? Counselee’s Reflection Paper Guide [Instructions: Include the questions in a question-and-answer format in the paper; use 12 font size, Arial, single spacing. ] REFLECTIONS AS A COUNSELEE: Analyze the counseling session from your erspective as a counselee. 1. How did it feel to undergo counseling? 2. Did you achieve your counseling goal (as agreed upon with the counselor)? 3. Evaluate your counseling experience with this particular counselor. a) In what way were you helped? Elaborate. b) In what way were you not helped? Elaborate. 4. Do you feel the need for further counseling about your presenting problem? Explain. 4. a If yes, would you like to have counseling with the same counselor?

Internet Censorship Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Internet Censorship - Research Paper Example The censorship also comes in the form of government-mandated blocking of access to materials which are not appropriate for adults. This approach is being carried out in Australia, China, Singapore, United Arab Emirates, and Vietnam (EFA). These countries require internet service providers to prevent material from reaching the internet users. Other countries only allow limited access to the net through government access areas (Bidgoli, p. 264). Internet censorship also comes in the form of government prohibition in public access to the internet. Different countries have been known to limit public access to the net, or they sometimes call for users to be licensed by the government before they can access the internet. The important consideration in the application of internet censorship is the fact that what is prohibited in one country may not be prohibited in other countries. Case in point is the rating of movies which may be different in different countries (EFA). In effect, what may be deemed R-18 in France, may only be classified as 12 in the US, or vice versa. In Australia, internet censorship consists of laws passed by the Commonwealth and the state governments. In 1999, the Broadcast Services Amendment (Online Services) Act of 1999 was passed (Moses). This law basically implements access prevention at server levels. The Commonwealth government of Australia is a complaints-based system which can be implemented to content hosts, but not to content creators (EFA). The hosts are mandated to remove Australian hosted material from the server which is labeled as objectionable upon receipt of orders from a government regulator. The Australian Broadcasting Authority informs the filtering software providers of the materials being sponsored beyond... This paper stresses that the world press has been very critical of internet censorship, most especially because it is their material which is often the subject of censors. They point out the fact that repressive regimes are fully benefitting from internet censors because they control and repress reform and debates. The above discussion exemplifies the extent of internet censorship around the world. These censors were originally set forth because of the pervasive use of the internet for child pornography. However, the censorship has now evolved into other materials and content; it now covers materials which are racist, anti-government, or anti-religion. This censorship has now been imposed in various territories in order to manage subversive content from inciting citizens to activities of civil unrest. For the most part, such censors seek to control people’s activities in the internet, stirring these away from the offensive and subversive activities. Some territories are howeve r not supporting internet censorship because it is part of the protected laws of their lands – mostly on the freedom of speech and expression. To this day, internet censorship remains to be a well-debated practice. On one side, it is supported for the benefits and protection it can give to the citizens and to peaceful governments and on the other, it is vilified for its suppressive and repressive implications. Regardless of its applications, the internet will continue to develop and evolve into an even more pervasive and widely used technology.

Big data technology optimizes and stores the user generated data in Essay

Big data technology optimizes and stores the user generated data in exabytes using the distributed backup mechanism which significantly increases the performance and storage space in the software industry - Essay Example In recognition of the magnitude of the problems involved in the management of big data, many companies are investing considerable amounts of money in researching better methods of big data management. These companies seek reliable ways of organizing, storing and managing their machine, user and application data, which is rapidly growing in size to exabytes and petabytes. The volumes of big data are considerably large, such that many organizations find it difficult to process, store and access the data they need using the traditional databases and systems of storage (BVT, n.d.). Further complexity comes about in the now common scenario, where companies dispatch teams to different places around the world, yet the nature of their work requires them to collaborate on the same data since they are involved in the same project. This highlights the need for data solutions that allow these companies to change, add, check in content and modify them without creating problems for other employees within the organization (Kumar, 2012). Conventional systems of storage typically require revision of the systems or tech refreshes every three years (sometimes four) so that the company can keep up with new requirements and growth. This, in many instances, requires expensive and disruptive data migrations, replacement of void storage capacity and regular upgrades of software licenses (Leavitt, 2013). This paper looks into how companies use big data technology to store data generated by users in exabytes by making use of the distributed backup method. The distributed backup method of storage provides companies with the opportunity to store more data in a scalable way across storage node networks. It is imperative to note that the main purpose of backing up data is so that an organization can have at least a copy of what may the company may consider as important. In the event that there is a failure in the storage systems within an organization,

Economic Performance of Nigeria

Economic Performance of Nigeria CHAPTHER ONE 1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY One of the biggest challenges for oil-producing countries is how to use its oil wealth strategically to promote sustainable growth, for example, in Nigeria, the massive increase in oil revenue as an aftermath of the Middle-East war of 1973 created unprecedented, unexpected and unplanned wealth for Nigeria. Then began the dramatic shift of policies from a holistic approach to benchmarking them against the state of the oil sector. Now, in order to make the business environment conducive for new investments, the government began investing the newfound wealth in socio-economic infrastructure across the country, especially in the urban areas (Adedipe, 2007). Over the past three decades, gulf cooperation council (GCC) countries have generally followed procyclical fiscal policies to changes in oil revenue. Following the sharp increase in global oil prices in the 1970s and early 1980s, government spending in all these countries rose as fast as oil revenue through a massive public investment program in infrastructure, fiscal incentives to develop the industrial sector, and the adoption of a generous welfare system. Notwithstanding the increase in spending, sizable overall fiscal surpluses were recorded in all GCC countries during those years, leading to a sharp accumulation of official asset. The existence of large foreign official assets facilitated a relatively low level of adjustment in spending in the period 1980-86, when crude oil prices declined significantly. Concerns for sustaining domestic demand in order to stave off a sharp reduction in non-oil growth has usually militated against significant fiscal adjustment in the face of falling oil prices in GCC countries. Spending was only cut by the equivalent to about half the fall in total revenue in Saudi Arabia, 20 percent in the United Arab Emirates, and 10 percent in Qatar. Facilitated by the completion of major infrastructure investments, the cutbacks fell mostly on outlays for projects, while current expenditure rose in all these countries, except in Saudi Arabia. In Bahrain and Kuwait, spending continued to rise across the board. In c ontrast, in Oman, lower oil revenue was more than offset by higher investment income and fees and charges, leading to a further increase in expenditure in the period (Fasano, 2000). According to Piana (2001), Public expenditure is the value of goods and services bought by the State and its articulations. It plays four main roles: contributes to current effective demand, expresses a coordinated impulse on the economy which can be used for stabilization, business cycle inversion, and growth purposes, increases the public endowment of goods for everybody and gives rise to positive externalities to economy and society, the more so through its capital component. According to Ely and Wicker (2002), government expenditure can be classified into the following: The direct cost of national defence includes the pay and equipment of troops, and the cost of ships, and cannon, and ammunition, etc. The indirect cost is represented by the pension list, as well as by the great waste of resources and opportunities for labor in times of war, expenditures for internal security includes the cost of our police system in all its branches, and that of our judiciary system, since both of these are occupied almost wholly in securing persons and property from injury, expenditures for the poor and unfortunate, that is, every advanced government recognizes an obligation to extend relief to paupers, to the deaf, the blind, the insane, and the feeble-minded, who, from natural defects, are unable to hold their own in the struggle for existence, expenditures for fulfilling the commercial functions and expenditures for fulfilling the developmental function. All these cu mulate into improving the economic performance of a country. The economic performance of any nation is measured by the rate of growth of its gross domestic product (GDP). According to Piana (2001), public expenditure has an immediate impact on GDP. An increase of public expenditure raises GDP by the same amount, other things being equal. Moreover, since income is an important determinant of consumption, that increase of income will be followed by a rise in consumption: a positive feedback loop has been triggered between consumption and income, exactly as in the case of shocks in export, investment or autonomous consumption. In more microeconomic terms, public expenditure may be directed to consumer goods and thus substitute families expenditure, as with the case of health drugs. By contrast, in other cases, as with education, public expenditure may trigger further consumption (books and all the other goods whose consumption depend on culture levels). According to World Bank (2006), gross domestic product is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes (fewer subsidies) not included in the valuation of output. It is calculated without deducting for depreciation of fabricated capital assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources. 1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM An economys growth is measured by the change in the volume of its output or in the real incomes of its residents (World Bank, 2006). Therefore, oil exporting countries are said to experience growth due to large influx of income or revenue derived from exports and an opportunity to increase public spending, but most oil exporting countries have poor public sector management, that is, they have had difficulty managing funds with rigid operational rules, as tensions have often surfaced in situations of significant exogenous changes or with shifting policy priorities. Earmarking the resources of oil funds for specific uses, and allowing extra budgetary spending by the funds can complicate fiscal and asset management and reduce efficiency in the allocation of resources. Transparency and accountability practices for funds differ across Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) (International Monetary Fund, 2007). This leads to fall backs in the real gross domestic income. This research hopes to show the relationship between revenue from oil exports, overall expenditure and changes in output levels in Nigeria. 1.3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY The scope of the study is on the economic performance of Nigeria. The data used will be obtained from the publication of statistical bulletin of Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN), International Monetary Fund (IMF), and Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). It covers the GDP relative to oil exports, public expenditure rates and value of oil exports. 1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS In the light of the above, this study is set to provide solutions to the following problems: what is the relationship between oil revenue and government expenditure, what is the relationship between oil revenue and economic performance, and does the way government spends affect the growth level of the country. 1.5 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The main objective of the study is to show interrelationship between public expenditure, oil revenue and economic performance in Nigeria. The specific objectives are to: Investigate the effects of oil receipts to the performance of an economy; Highlight the relationship between oil receipts and public expenditures; and Show the significance of increasing public expenditures to growth of an economy. 1.6 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS In line with the objectives stated above, the following hypothesis shall be tested: H0: there is no significant relationship between oil revenue and economic growth H1: there is a significant relationship between oil revenue and economic growth H0: there is no significant relationship between government expenditure and economic growth H1: there is a significant relationship between government expenditure and economic growth 1.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY This study is very important and paramount because of the importance of the subject matter on explaining the determinants of economic growth and development in Nigeria. 1.8 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The study focuses on the relationship between oil revenue, public expenditure and economic performance in Nigeria and due to the nature of the study, secondary data will be used. To carry out an econometric analysis of the study, the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) estimating techniques will be used because it possesses a unique property of Best Linear Unbiased Estimator (BLUE) when compared to other estimating techniques. The OLS method also possesses the desirable properties of un-biasness, consistency, and efficiency. Other parametric tests (such as T-test, F-Test, Durbin-Watson, and others) would also be engaged as research instruments in providing detailed explanations to the results obtained with respect to the hypotheses afore stated. 1.9 SOURCES OF DATA As a result of the format of the research work, secondary data will be used. The data will be obtained from publications of International Monetary Fund, World Bank Development Data center, Statistical data of Central Banks, OPEC. 1.10 DEFINITION OF SOME TERMS Gross domestic product (GDP): the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output. International Monetary Fund (IMF): established to promote international monetary cooperation, facilitate the expansion and balanced growth of international trade, and promote exchange rate stability. The World Bank: established as a development bank, providing loans, policy advice, technical assistance, and knowledge sharing services to low- and middle-income countries to reduce poverty. Public Expenditure: is the value of goods and services bought by the State and its articulations. CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 INTRODUCTION The objective of this chapter is to examine theoretical and empirical literature on the determinants of economic growth and development in Nigeria through the relationship of oil revenue and public expenditure. To this end, the rest of this chapter is organized as follows: Section 2.2 focuses on the relationship between public expenditure, oil revenue and economic growth in other countries, such as, United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela. Section 2.3 focuses on the relationship between public expenditure, oil revenue and economic growth in Nigeria. 2.2 PUBLIC EXPENDITURE, OIL REVENUE AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN OTHER COUNTRIES Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries have consistently recorded overall fiscal deficits since the early 1980s after oil prices peaked in 1979-81. In addition, with oil revenue accounting for about three-quarters of government revenue in most of these countries, fluctuations in crude oil prices have led to volatile revenue and swings in spending. Following the sharp increase in global oil prices in the 1970s and early 1980s, government spending in all these countries rose as fast as oil revenue through a massive public investment program in infrastructure, fiscal incentives to develop the industrial sector, and the adoption of a generous welfare system. The existence of large foreign official assets facilitated a relatively low level of adjustment in spending in the period 1980-86, when crude oil prices declined significantly. Concerns for sustaining domestic demand in order to stave off a sharp reduction in non-oil growth has usually militated against significant fiscal adjustment in the face of falling oil prices in GCC countries. Spending was only cut by the equivalent to about half the fall in total revenue in Saudi Arabia, 20 percent in the United Arab Emirates, and 10 percent in Qatar. Facilitated by the completion of major infrastructure investments, the cutbacks fell mostly on outlays for projects, while current expenditure rose in all these countries, except in Saudi Arabia. In Bahrain and Kuwait, spending continued to rise across the board. In contrast, in Oman, lower oil revenue was more than offset by higher investment income and fees and charges, leading to a further increase in expenditure in the period. According to Elhiraika and Hamed (2001), economic growth and development in the United Arab Emirate is as a result of government investment in physical and social infrastructure which helped to boost economic activity in general and private investment in specific, a stable macroeconomic environment, which is characterized by low inflation rates and semi-fixed exchange rate, and government policies, availability of capital and absence of restrictions on capital movement together with a high degree of openness opened the door for remarkable growth in foreign trade. With widely fluctuating and generally declining oil prices and revenues in the last two decades, the country has since the mid 1980s exerted notable efforts aimed at achieving economic diversification. These efforts have led to sustained investment in the non-oil sectors, especially in manufacturing and other sectors that are increasingly dominated by private capital. By the turn of the 1990s, non-oil exports and non-oil GDP have exceeded their respective oil counterparts for the first time since the oil evolution began. As a result, the UAE economy has been recently classified as the most relatively well diversified economy in the gulf region (Askari and Jaber, 1999) with an average real GDP growth rate of about 5% for the period 1975-1999. The period from the mid 1970s to the early 1980s was characterized by high growth performance. This was the period when the government directed the surpluses from high oil prices into the physical and social infrastructure. The period from around mid 1980s witnessed significant reduction in economic growth due to a sharp drop in oil prices. Subsequent government austerity measures were directed largely toward capital expenditure for two reasons. First, most of the basic infrastructure projects had by then been completed, and second, most of the current expenditure categories have become long term commitments. The gross domestic investment rate was 34.1% in the 1970s period, declined to 25.6% in the 1980s before rising to 29.5% in the 1990s period. The UAE average growth rate for the whole period is well above that achieved by other Gulf Cooperation Council countries. A notable aspect of domestic investment is the fact that although public investment continues to dominate, the share of private investment has generally been rising remarkably, especially in the 1990s period. Private investment rose from 6.6% of GDP in the 1975-85 period to 11.7% in 1996-98. Meanwhile, the share of petroleum investment in aggregate investment declined from the average of 36% in 1975-89 to 17.7% in 1990-98. While public investment is concentrated on infrastructure and services sector, most of private investment is in the services and real estate sectors. In explaining the private investment behavior in the UAE, Elhiraika and Hamed (2001:13) found that in the long-run, GDP has the largest stimulating influence, followed by bank credit to the private sector and a human capital development variable. The real lending rate and government investments are found to have strong but adverse effects on private investment. In the short-run, GDP, bank credit and investment in human capital still have positive but weak effects on private investment behavior, whereas the lending rate and government investment variables still have significant negative coefficients. The expansion of private investment, both domestic and foreign, is supported by the creation of industrial zones that provide a variety of facilities and services at attractive prices. Sharp rises in non-oil exports that jumped from the average of 19.8% of total exports in 1975-1985 to 61.5% in 1996-1998. By 1992, non-oil exports exceeded oil exports for the first time amounting to about 40% of GDP. The increases in exports are mainly due to re-export. The UAE is the third largest re-export center in the world, after Singapore and Hong Kong. Again liberal trade, absence of capital controls, exchange rate policy, low tariff rates and absence of income taxes may be considered as the major factors contributing to the expansion of the non-oil export sector. A major weakness of the non-oil export sector is the dominance of re-exports over exports. This reflects a rather weak domestic production base than what the trend of total exports suggests. Between 1982 and 1999, re-exports accounted for about 88% of total exports. The re-export sector is expected to face fierce competition from the free trade zones that are rapidly developing in the region, especially in Oman that has a relative advantage in terms of having seaports that are closer to major sea routes. Therefore, sustainable growth in the no-oil export sector would require increased domestic production of export goods. Increased investment in human capital has led to notable increases in the primary and secondary school enrollment ratios, from less than 40% in the 1970s to about 80% in the 1990s. Besides the increased education of the local labor force, educated foreign labor is easily accessible given the relatively high wages paid in the UAE compared to other labor surplus countries in the Middle East and Asia. Immigrant labor accounts for about 70% of the labor force in the country and are generally better educated than the local population. In spite of high fluctuations in oil price and revenue that lead to similar, though smaller fluctuations in real GDP, the UAE economy remained remarkably stable in terms of inflation rates and the exchange rate. Since 1981, the UAE dirham has been fully pegged to the US$ at the rate of 3.67 and the inflation rate never exceeded the average of 2.5% over the period considered. It is believed that because oil is priced in US dollars and because the UAE has huge investments in the US the benefits from the peg in terms of economic stability and reduced macroeconomic uncertainty is greater than the cost arising from inability to use exchange rate policy to promote domestic investment and international competitiveness. There is no hard statistics to support or negate this argument. Since the turn of the 1990s, the consolidated budget (including the federal government and emirates governments) has experienced sustained deficits. According to Hamed and Elhiraika (2001), The UAE government does not rely on fiscal policy tools in achieving macroeconomic stability. Rather it relies mainly on monetary policy tools, particularly the link between the Dirham and the U.S. dollar, to maintain macroeconomic stability, and that the governments of the dominant emirates finance their budget deficits by drawing down their own abundant overseas assets, thereby eliminating inflationary pressures, and avoiding crowding out of private sector activities. This suggests the absence of any important link between macroeconomic performance and the budget deficits, but government spending undoubtedly stimulates private economic activity. According to Siddiqi (1999), in Saudi Arabia, the hydrocarbon sector contributes over 40 percent of the Saudi GDP, and generates 80 percent of government revenues and total export earnings respectively. The slump in oil revenues by over a third in 1998 has led to ballooning twin deficits on the balance of payments and budget, amid a general slowdown in government and consumer spending, as well as falls in fixed investment in the non-oil private sector. The economy, after expanding in 1996-97, may experience a negative growth in nominal GDP for the first time in five years. However, the IMF projects a real GDP growth of 0.4 percent, compared with 2.7 percent in 1997. Total earnings of Saudi banks in the year to September rose 11 percent. This indicates that the business sector after two years of higher liquidity remains in a relatively sound position. But a sustained weakening of world oil prices will sooner or later have deflationary effects on key economic sub-sectors. The economy has benefited from a subdued inflationary environment with consumer price increases averaging only 1.4 percent annually from 1990-98. Zero inflation, projected in 1998, reflects slowing domestic demand, lower non-fuel commodity prices, and cheap Asian imports. A stable/firmer Saudi Riyal (SR) has contained imported inflation. The Washington-based Petroleum Finance Corporation (PFC) projects a budget deficit in 1998 of SR50 billion, or 10 percent of GDP, the highest in a decade, compared to a low of SR6 billion in 1997. As a result, a mildly tighter fiscal policy is now in place; public sector recruitment and salaries are frozen and all ministries have been ordered to curtail spending by 10 percent. Some capital projects and military programmes have either been scaled-down or postponed and the payments period on state contracts has been extended to six months. The government has implemented measures for dealing with revenue shortfall and to cushion the impact on the kingdoms indigen ous 12 million plus population. Government spending a key determinant of business confidence has been sustained by issuing Saudi Special Government Bonds (SSGBs), worth about SR14 billion in the year to October. These SSGBs can be sold by contractors to local banks at a discount. The kingdoms domestic debt, already exceeding 100 per cent of GDP, has increased further because of increasing issuance of Development Bonds and Treasury bills mainly to banks and state pension/social security funds. The well-capitalised Saudi banking sector, with a capital asset ratio of 11.4 percent, is strongly-positioned to meet credit demands from state and private sectors. Analysts say about SR19 billion of shortfall can be covered by domestic borrowing and cutting public expenditure (mostly on defence). In Venezuela, the first commercial drilling for oil occurred in 1917 and by 1928; it was a leading exporter of oil (United States Library of Congress, 82). During this period Venezuela can be characterized as a dictatorship. By 1930, oil represented 90% of the export revenue in Venezuela. In 1948 a fifty percent royalty rate was introduced. This royalty rate revenue was to be used in sowing the oil to stimulate agriculture primarily and later industry. Prior to oil the coffee industry had been the main export in Venezuela. Oil revenues had clearly taken first place in Venezuela however the countrys people remained relatively poor. A democratic government took power in 1958 and swiftly intervened in the economy using the oil revenues. In 1960 the government made two significant movements; it began to create regional development corporations to decentralize planning and it became one of the founding members of OPEC. Throughout the 1960s Venezuela spent money on education, health, elect ricity, portable water, and other basic projects. This led to a 25% increase in per capita income by 1973. However when the world price of oil soared during the seventies and so did the Venezuelan governments spending. In the years between 1973 and 1979 the government spent more than it had since its independence in 1830. The oil industry was nationalized in 1976. Government spending steadily increased because of increased surges in oil revenue. Negative growth rates characterized Venezuela during 1980-1982. By 1983 oil revenues could no longer support the spending on government subsidies, price controls, exchange-rate losses, and the operations of more than 400 public institutions. In 1983 the government attempted to reform the economic downturn through devaluations of the currency and a multi-tier exchange-rate system. However, this did little to stall the impending crisis and the 50% reduction in the price of oil in 1986 did nothing to help the situation. In 1989 the IMF stepped in with loans and the price increases related to the reforms necessary for the loans caused rioting and the worst violence the country had seen since it became a democracy. The increase in the price of oil in the 1970s caused Venezuela to be affected negatively although its peak oil production point had already been reached in 1970. Because of the increase in the price of oil the government relied completely on oil revenue and like Mexico, was reluctant to take steps to prevent a crisis. The IMF had to impose the increases in domestic prices necessary to complete the cycle that played out. Protectionism through government subsidies and spending held domestic prices low enough to remain competitive imports. In this sense Venezuela was escaping Dutch Disease. However, these prices were supported not through true market value but through borrowing and extra revenue. As soon as those avenues shut down so did the governments ability to control domestic prices. The sudden jump in prices imposed by the IMF caused a recession so severe that rioting was induced. Another case of the lack of value-added industry creation led to the eventual downfall of an economy given the opportunity to grow. Bourguignon and Gelb (1988) suggest that the stagnation of the Venezuelan economy started after 1978, coinciding with the second oil shock in 1979. According to their calculations, the non-oil sector did not seem to gain from the 1970s windfall. They further argue that inappropriate economic policies resulted in steep declines in private investment and massive capital flight. Combined with a large upsurge in consumption during the decade of revenue windfall, these effects meant that Venezuela was subject to severe internal and external imbalances that ultimately lead to its decline in economic performance. 2.3 PUBLIC EXPENDITURE, OIL REVENUE AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NIGERIA According to Adedipe (2004), by the time Nigeria became politically independent in October 1960, agriculture was the dominant sector of the economy, contributing about 70% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), employing about the same percentage of the working population, and accounting for about 90% of foreign earnings and Federal Government revenue. The early period of post-independence up until mid-1970s saw a rapid growth of industrial capacity and output, as the contribution of the manufacturing sector to GDP rose from 4.8% to 8.2%. This pattern changed when oil suddenly became of strategic importance to the world economy through its supply-price nexus, Crude oil was first discovered in commercial quantities in Nigeria in 1956, while actual production started in 1958. It became the dominant resource in the mid-1970s. On-shore oil exploration accounts for about 65% of total production and it is found mainly in the swampy areas of the Niger Delta, while the remaining 35% represents offshore production and involves drilling for oil in the deep waters of the continental shelf. Nigeria has proven reserves of about 32 billion barrels of predominantly low sulphur light crude, which at current rate of exploitation could last another 38 years. The intention is to expand the reserves to 40 billion barrels and production capacity to 4 million barrels per day (mbd). The massive increase in oil revenue as an aftermath of the Middle-East war of 1973 created unprecedented, unexpected and unplanned wealth for Nigeria. Then began the dramatic shift of policies from a holistic approach to benchmarking them against the state of the oil sector. Now, in order to make the business environment conducive for new investments, the government began investing the newfound wealth in socio-economic infrastructure across the country, especially in the urban areas. As well, the services sector grew. This shows that as government increased as a result of increases from oil, government expe nditure also increased. The Nigerian labour market has been characterized by high rate of unemployment, low wage and poor working conditions. This unwholesome situation evolved after the oil boom of the 1970s and remained so till date. Prior to the oil boom, the Nigerian economy was largely agrarian and about 70% of the working population was engaged in agricultural activities in the rural areas. Wage rates were also comparable to international standards and the average Nigerian worker could afford decent living. In the 1960ies, the emphasis of employment policies was that of shifting labour from the agricultural sector to the manufacturing sector. This appeared to be the natural path of economic growth and development, following the experienced of the developed countries. However, the Nigerian peculiarities of land tenure system, tenancy and the very rudimentary processes of farming made it extremely difficult to deploy substantially advance technology in the sector. Moreover, at that time economic policie s concentrated more on the development of the manufacturing sector, under the much touted import-substitution strategy. Rather, labour moved from the agricultural sector to the services sector, with little productivity gains. Both agriculture and manufacturing lost out. The oil boom started the rural-urban drift of the population, depleting the rural population and adversely affecting agricultural output. Rising revenue profile of Governments created the illusion that job creation is a primary function of the public sector. Nigerian Governments embarked on ambitious expansion programmes in secondary and tertiary education. Quality research could be conducted, as adequate funding support was available. Education was strictly treated as a social service, which should be provided at little or no cost to the beneficiaries as a matter of right. This mindset precipitated the crisis of 1978, when the Federal Government introduced tuition fees in its universities. The decrease in oil revenue affected funding of tertiary education, necessitating a policy shift that has been difficult for the operators of the system to come to terms with. Attempts to raise fees are being resisted, while the private sector funding support that could lessen the burden is not forthcoming. In particular, the curriculum design of many of the institutions is dated and not so relevant to the needs of prospective employers. Most of the products therefore, end up in the labour market and have difficulty securing jobs because they need further training to be able to fit properly into the corporate world. The weak economy itself choked out several business enterprises and curtailed employment opportunities. Staff retr enchment became pervasive, starting first in the private sector and later the public sector. CHAPTER THREE THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND METHODOLOGY 3.1 INTRODUCTION In previous chapters of this study, we looked at how the relationship between public expenditure and oil revenue affect growth in Nigeria and other oil exporting countries. Based on these reviews, one would know the level of importance attached to them, being an important macroeconomic issue that affects the pace of growth and development of an economy. Therefore, in this chapter of the study, we shall be looking at the various theories of the subject matter as propounded by different schools of thought. We shall be placing oil revenue and public expenditure in a functional relationship to see their level of significance to economic performance of Nigeria. To this end, this chapter is divided into the following sections. Section 3.1 is the introductory part while 3.2 focuses on the theoretical background, 3.3 focuses on methodology while 3.4 is concerned with the sources of data and the type of data used in the study. Section 3.5 is concerned with the estimation technique of the model that shall be stated in the study. 3.2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND In this part three different models of economic growth will be introduced, Solows neo-classical theory, endogenous growth model and Harrod-Domar model. 3.2.1 Solows Neo-classical Theory The Solow theory believes that